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03

Write a Rough Draft

The third step of the writing process is to write a rough draft utilizing the analytic notes and pre-writing steps. One should write multiple rough drafts as "The Best Writing is Re-Writing".

01

"Get the Facts First"

The first step of the writing process is to get the facts first. To do so, one must develop the ability to utilize databases and peer reviewed journals. 

02

Analytic Notes and Pre-Writing Steps

The second step in the writing process is to make analytic notes about the chosen articles. In addition to analytic notes, one must partake in the pre-writing steps which consists of responding to the 4 major questions.

     1. Who is the intended audience?

     2. What is the author's purpose?

     3. What is the premise?

     4. What is the most powerful quote?

04

Get Input

The fourth step of the writing process is getting input. One must get input from others whether it be through peers, tutors, mentors, or through teacher conferences. It is highly important to get input from others.

Make an Editing Log

05

The fifth step of the writing process is to make an editing log based off of the advice given by peers, mentors, and Professor Dr. Gill. One must acknowledge any mistakes made during the writing process by making an editing log.

06

Best Re-Write

The last step of the writing process is to make the best re-write. One must make a best re-write to demonstrate how the previous steps taken have led to a final result.

Gun Control in America

Gun Control in America

Pro #1: "Exploring the relationship between support for gun control measures and understanding of gun control"

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  • TV affects certain people more than others

  • women are more likely to want stronger gun control laws

  • gender, rural vs urban, southern vs non southern

  • hypothesis of high level of understanding = low level of support

  • average person has a moderate level of understanding gun control issues

  • index range from 1.87 to 4.07

  • people from rural areas tend to display a better understanding of gun control issues

  • people who are in pro gun groups and own guns have a better understanding

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Audience: people wondering whether there's a correlation between supporting gun control and having an understanding of the implications of gun control

Purpose: to inform about correlations between different types of people and their understanding of gun control issues

Premise: understanding gun control issues

Powerful Quote: "caution should be used when attempting to extrapolate any results beyond the sample"

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Grace Moua

English 2105

Professor Dr. Gill

Pro #1 

20 February 2024

"The Best Writing is Rewriting": 3 Draft(s), 1 Mentor (Elianna Aragon)

Works Cited

 

Moriarty, Laura J., and John E. Hearne. "Exploring the relationship between support for gun control measures and understanding of gun control issues." Journal of Security Administration, vol. 21, no. 1, 1998, pp. 12-27. ProQuest, http://proxy.library.cpp.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/exploring-relationship-between-support-gun/docview/195765288/se-2.

Key Quote: "it is impossible to say that understanding of gun control issues causes individuals not to support gun ownership" (Moriarty, Hearne 1998)

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(Provocative Title) The Americans Owning Guns Know Better

 

          (Unity/Topic Sentence) In a study conducted by Laura J. Moriarty and John E. Hearne, it was discovered that the Americans who owned guns knew more about gun control issues than non-gun owners. (Adequate Development/Body) Americans who own guns having more knowledge about gun control issues demonstrates the complexity of supporting ownership and restrictions. Many people believe that gun owners care only for their rights to owning a gun rather than the lives at risk. In contrast however, many gun owners are in fact knowledgeable and demonstrate having a higher level of understanding in regards to gun control issues (Moriarty, Hearne 1998). Moriarty and Hearne's research resulted in the conclusion that gun owners aren't ignorant to the implications brought with gun control laws. (Coherence/Conclusion) Whilst Moriarty and Hearne acknowledged that the study conducted couldn't have included all confounding variables revolving gun control issues, the study effectively showed that gun owning Americans are in fact knowledgeable about issues revolving gun control.

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 Pro #2: "The NRA's Strict-Scrutiny Amendments"

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  • "iron plating"

    • "judges are constitutionally obliged to evaluate gun restrictions under 'the highest standards of justification'"​

  • Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, and Iowa have adopted/followed the NRA's proposal

  • "Tailor the language of their proposed"

  • convicted felons don't share the right to bear arms...or do they?

  • courts have rejected challenges to the 2nd Amendment

  • state and local officials are limited by their states constitutions in regards to state and local gun control measures

  • states must have laws that are reasonable regulations

    • constitutionally permissible

  • states using their "police power to protect the health, safety and morals of the citizenry" to impose gun regulations/reasonable regulations

    • Connecticut's ban on "assault weapons"

  • Louisiana prohibiting carrying concealed weapons

  • courts upholding gun restrictions

  • NRA's strict-scrutiny amendments cannot assure success

    • jud​ges will be scrutinizing their own "anti-gun activism"

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Audience: people who want gun rights

Purpose: to question whether strict scrutiny amendments would be beneficial to gun owners

Premise: states already have their own gun restrictions which would only further limit guns with the NRA's strict scrutiny amendments

Powerful Quote: "tailor the language of their proposed"

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Grace Moua

English 2105

Professor Dr. Gill

Pro #2 

26 February 2024

"The Best Writing is Rewriting": 2 Draft(s), 1 Mentor (Elianna Aragon)

Works Cited

 

Pettys, Todd E. "The N.R.A.'s Strict-Scrutiny Amendments." Iowa Law Review, vol. 104, no. 3, 2019, pp. 1455-1482. ProQuest, http://proxy.library.cpp.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/n-r-s-strict-scrutiny-amendments/docview/2212658368/se-2.

Key Quote: "tailor the language of their proposed" (Pettys 2019)

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(Provocative Title) The NRA Pushes States to Implement Gun Restrictions

 

          (Unity/Topic Sentence) In an interesting turn of events, the National Rifle Association known as the NRA has been pushing state courts to implement gun restrictions. (Adequate Development/Body) The NRA pushed for states and judges to "evaluate gun restrictions under "the highest standards of justification"" which may have been initially pushed for self-benefit. The NRA's statement fails to take into consideration the fact that the state courts they are encouraging to evaluate gun restrictions will in fact be evaluating gun restrictions but not the lessening of said restrictions. State courts have instead been using their state laws to further impose "reasonable regulations" with statements of how the states will be utilizing their "police power to protect the health, safety and morals of the citizenry" (Pettys 2019). With the use of police power, states such as Louisiana have prohibited concealed weapons and Connecticut has banned assault weapons. The NRA most likely didn't expect states to be using their statement to ban and prohibit the use of guns. Regardless, the NRA asked states and judges the NRA claimed to be "anti-gun" to evaluate gun restrictions and the states did so. (Coherence/Conclusion) Overall, Petty's article proposed an interesting perspective of the NRA pushing states to implement gun restrictions.

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Pro #3: "Seeking the Peace: Anti-Gun Violence"

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  • increasing and concerning boughs of gun violence in Pittsburgh

  • lack of black empowerment in Pittsburgh

  • prejudice and marginalization against Black and Native populations throughout Pittsburgh's history

  • black communities more often to be shot, harmed, or killed

  • shooters at 3 mass shootings in Pittsburgh were all white men 

  • mass casualty incident in April of 2022

  • police violence against Black individuals

  • Pittsburgh governor doesn't care about the Black community

  • insensitive state officials

  • mentalities towards gun violence

  • local political commitments to change

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Audience: People against violence and prejudice directed towards Black communities

Purpose: To inform of the grievances the black community in Pittsburgh has faced. To demonstrate the ongoing reforms regarding gun violence.

Premise: Guns are being used against innocent members of society in Pittsburgh and changes need to happen

Powerful Quote: "where there is a failure to perceive a common humanity, it is a short step toward employment of  violence" 

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Grace Moua

English 2105

Professor Dr. Gill

Pro #3 

26 February 2024

"The Best Writing is Rewriting": 2 Draft(s), 1 Mentor (Elianna Aragon)

Works Cited

 

Smith, R. D., and John C. Welch. "Seeking the Peace: Anti-Gun Violence Cadres, Concepts, and Connections in Pittsburgh." Society, vol. 60, no. 1, 2023, pp. 54-67. ProQuest, http://proxy.library.cpp.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/seeking-peace-anti-gun-violence-cadres-concepts/docview/2780587023/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-022-00783-z.

Key Quote: "Where there is a failure to perceive a common humanity, it is a short step toward employment of violence" (Smith, Welch 2023)

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(Provocative Title) Racial Attacks in Pittsburgh Proves Change is Needed

 

          (Unity/Topic Sentence) Throughout Pittsburgh's history, there has been many horrendous incidents of targeted attacks towards the Black community and change is desperately needed. (Adequate Development/Body) R. D. Smith and John C. Welch bring concern over the horrendous use of guns on innocent members of society and how changes need to happen. There has been increasing and concerning amounts of gun violence in Pittsburgh over the last decade which concerns many in the Black community who feel as though there is a lack of Black empowerment by state government. Prejudice and marginalization against Black and Native populations have occurred all throughout Pittsburgh's history yet it continues to exist in recent times with a mass shooting occurring in just April of 2022 (Smith, Welch 2023). Whilst there have been some alterations in Pittsburgh's laws following George Floyd and the Black Lives Matter movement, the Pittsburgh government has yet to demonstrate full support for the black community. Restricting guns or placing regulations on guns would be able to save the Black community from the hardships caused by unnecessary hate. (Coherence/Conclusion) Overall, the racial attacks in Pittsburgh towards the Black community shows the need for state governments to stand up for their communities.

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Con #1: "The US Gun-Control Paradox: Gun Buyer Response to Congressional Gun-Control Initiatives"

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  • firearm deaths from 1980-2006 

    • 88 deaths daily​

  • 2nd leading cause of death = guns

  • increased gun ownership leads to increased firearm homicide

  • guns are easily accessible and legal

    • problems in the distribution system​

  • political environment revolving around guns has been increasingly divisive

  • pro-gun lobbying organizations

    • NRA: national rifle association

  • background checks do not regulate guns sold

  • buying guns increased after the Sandy Hook Incident

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Audience: People interested in distribution or regulation of guns after the lack of regulation of firearms in the US

Purpose: to inform about the lack of regulation of firearms in the US

Premise: the distribution of firearms in the US isn't being regulated and is thus leading to further political divide

Powerful Quote: "the more advocates push for increased regulation to limit gun sales, the more guns that are sold" (Jones, Stone).

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Grace Moua

English 2105

Professor Dr. Gill

Con #1 

20 February 2024

"The Best Writing is Rewriting": 3 Draft(s), 1 Mentor (Elianna Aragon)

Works Cited

 

Jones, Michael A., and George W. Stone. "The U.S. Gun-Control Paradox: Gun Buyer Response To Congressional Gun-Control Initiatives." Journal of Business & Economics Research (Online), vol. 13, no. 4, 2015, pp. 167. ProQuest, http://proxy.library.cpp.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/u-s-gun-control-paradox-buyer-response/docview/1722651790/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v13i4.9449.

Key Quote: "the more advocates push for increased regulation...the more guns that are sold" (Jones, Stone 2015)

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(Provocative Title) Restrictions on Guns Encourage Americans to Purchase More

 

          (Unity/Topic Sentence) It is expected that restrictions on guns and the gun market would discourage Americans from purchasing firearms however doing so only encourages Americans to purchase more. (Adequate Development/Body) In research done by Michael A. Jones and George W. Stone, it was found that Americans felt more encouraged to purchase guns after the Sandy Hook incident. Jones and Stone found that there were practically no regulations of the firearm market which encouraged Americans to purchase more guns following a mass shooting which included the lives of innocent children (Jones, Stone 2015). It is the lack of restrictions and regulation of guns that fails to discourage Americans from purchasing more. (Coherence/Conclusion) Overall, the lack of restrictions on the firearm market has only encouraged Americans to purchase more guns.

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Con #2:"Firearm ownership, Defensive Gun Usage, and Support for Gun Control: Does Knowledge Matter?"

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  • relationship between 3 types of gun knowledge

    • gun crimes, gun legislation, gun functions​

  • 3 measures of gun control

    • general gun control, support of reducing gun ownership, support for keeping guns away from "at risk" people​

  • US homicide rate is 7x higher than other countries

  • guns used in crimes are often not fired but used for victim compliance

  • people part of the NRA believe that "more restrictive gun control will do little to reduce crime or to save lives"

  • US civilian gun ownership is the highest in the world

    • more than 350 million guns owned by Americans​

  • gun crimes committed by people who do not meet regulations

    • age, criminal record, etc​

  • belief that reducing number of guns in the market can reduce the number of guns available for crimes

  • firearm availability may increase lethality of violent crimes

  • most of general public want to ban manufacturing and possession of firearms such as assault rifles

    • some also want to ban handguns​

  • increased screening, monitoring buyers and dealers, national firearm database, outlawing secondary "straw" market purchases

  • 57% of Americans want to make gun laws stricter

    • support for background checks and limited access ​

  • men, white, politically conservative, rural communities, and gun owners are less supportive of restrictions

  • people familiar with firearms favor permissive forms

  • minority can BIPOC communities favor less restrictive gun control measures when criminal justice system is invovled

  • gun control threatens "male intimacy" and male identity

    • men are more immersed in gun culture​

  • 10% of gun owners in a study had no formal or informal training

    • ill-trained gun owners more at risk of using or storing firearms unsafely​

  • generally most gun owners take forms of precaution

  • proportion of defensive gun usage

    • guns used to protect life, liberty, and property​

  • removing guns from law abiding citizens can prevent citizens from protecting themselves

    • "viable protection mechanism"​

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Audience: people concerned about gun rights/ownership

Purpose: conduct a study about gun owners and beliefs

Premise: limiting guns can be problematic to most Americans

Powerful Quote: "more restrictive gun control will do little to reduce crime or to save lives"

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Grace Moua

English 2105

Professor Dr. Gill

Con #2 

26 February 2024

"The Best Writing is Rewriting": 2 Draft(s), 1 Mentor (Elianna Aragon)

Works Cited

 

Kruis, Nathan E., et al. "Firearm Ownership, Defensive Gun Usage, and Support for Gun Control: Does Knowledge Matter?" American Journal of Criminal Justice : AJCJ, vol. 48, no. 1, 2023, pp. 21-50. ProQuest, http://proxy.library.cpp.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/firearm-ownership-defensive-gun-usage-support/docview/2775137451/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-021-09644-7.

Key Quote: "more restrictive gun control will do little to reduce crime or to save lives" (Kruis 2023)

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(Provocative Title) Unqualified Gun Users Threaten America's Safety

 

          (Unity/Topic Sentence) Many Americans often blame gun owners for the horrific attacks of violence seen through gun use yet those same Americans fail to see that it is the unqualified gun users who threaten America's safety. (Adequate Development/Body) In research and study done by Nathan E. Kruis, he found that many gun crimes are committed by unqualified Americans who do not meet the regulations. Those unqualified gun users are often under aged or hold previous criminal records. Additionally, it was discovered that 10% of the gun owners in Kruis' study had no formal or informal gun training (Kruis 2023). Ill-trained gun owners are at a greater risk of improperly using and storing their firearms thus threatening America's safety. Many Americans support limiting the sale of firearms or enacting stricter regulations such as increased screening of buyers and sellers however these regulations fail to address the unqualified gun users who continue get access to dangerous firearms. Increasing the regulations would only further entice unqualified Americans into using guns without proper training or knowledge. Kruis emphasized how gun control threatens "male intimacy" and male identity which would only lead to more unqualified individuals wanting to improperly handle firearms. (Coherence/Conclusion) Imposing harsher regulations on the buying and selling of firearms is an understandable want of Americans however, those same regulations would only encourage more unqualified Americans into improperly using firearms and thus putting America's safety at risk.

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Con #3:  "The Extraordinary Ethics of Self-Defense: Embodied Vulnerability..."

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  • many people of all backgrounds use guns for defense when they are vulnerable

  • "Fear motivates them to become involved in a political fight"

  • safety in the presence of firearms

  • vulnerability politics

  • predominantly white organizations use vulnerability to justify gun rights

  • racial, gendered, and minority groups use vulnerability to justify gun rights

    • serve as contemporary gun rights groups​

  • white male gun owners using vulnerability only shows their desire to access deadly weaponry

  • "the gun becomes what one is, not what one has"

  • people of color owning guns leads to state violence

  • "whiteness affords full citizenship"

  • laws cannot protect queer Americans from prejudice

  • Pink Pistols shooting club in Massachusetts for LGBT community

  • LGBT community members feel as though guns are the only way to protect their community

  • private gun ownership should be defense for minority groups

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Audience: people wondering where the limits of self defense are in regards to guns

Purpose: to inform about the importance of gun ownership to minority groups

Premise: Guns are important in regards to defending minorities and groups subject to prejudice or violent crimes

Powerful Quote: "Fear motivates them"

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Grace Moua

English 2105

Professor Dr. Gill

Con #3 

26 February 2024

"The Best Writing is Rewriting": 2 Draft(s), 1 Mentor (Elianna Aragon)

Works Cited

 

Anderson, Joe. "The Extraordinary Ethics of Self-Defence: Embodied Vulnerability and Gun Rights among Transgender Shooters in the United States." Ethnos, vol. 88, no. 5, 2023, pp. 1036-1053. ProQuest, http://proxy.library.cpp.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/extraordinary-ethics-self-defence-embodied/docview/2894070112/se-2, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2021.2013281.

Key Quote: "Fear motivates them to become involved in a political fight" (Anderson 2023)

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(Provocative Title) Vulnerable Minorities Need Guns

 

          (Unity/Topic Sentence) It is commonly known that minority groups are more likely to encourage stricter gun laws however, vulnerable minorities actually need guns. (Adequate Development/Body) In an article written by Joe Anderson, he brings a unique perspective to gun rights in regard to minority groups needing guns to feel safe during times of vulnerability. Anderson depicts many real-life instances of people of color or people from the LGBTQ community who fear for their lives and look to guns as a form of self-defense. By limiting gun access, the ability for these minority groups to feel safe whether it be merely walking down a busy street or going out with friends depletes immensely. Anderson even speaks of the Pink Pistols which is a shooting club in Massachusetts specifically for the LGBTQ community following the mass shooting at an LGBTQ night club in Orlando, Florida (Anderson 2023). Groups like the Pink Pistols wouldn't be able to give support and provide comfort to members of the LGBTQ community if gun restrictions were to increase. Additionally, laws cannot protect queer Americans or people of color from prejudice thus, guns serve as a form of protection for these communities. (Coherence/Conclusion) All in all, it is not only the stereotypical white male who wants to maintain gun rights but it is also all of the vulnerable minority groups who need guns for protection.

 

Con #4: "Race-gender bias in white Americans’ preferences for gun availability"

 

  • Availability of firearms has been racialized and gendered

  • Studies about the availability of firearms has only targeted White Americans

  • “No study has examined how the race or gender of a firearm’s possessor shapes attitudes over availability”

  • race/racial threat determines how white Americans change their preferences of firearm availability

  • Experiment of how white Americans change preference if a gun owner is black or a woman

  • Complicated role of identity

  • Odd choices made by interest groups advocating for gun availability

  • NRA’s silence following killing of Philando Castile

    • Black man legally carrying a gun

    • Shot to death by police officer during traffic stop

  • “Gun culture” and “cultural cognition”

  • “Pre-existing cultural commitments”

  • Gun policy laws don’t target specific demographic groups but guns are often associated with white americans

    • Hinders ability to find patterns of gender or race bias

  • Expected white Americans to most support white women owning guns and least support black men owning guns

  • Group threat 

    • White backlash against black Americans when they “pose threats” to society

  • Historical stereotypes

  • Racialization of policies and gendered policies

    • Shift in white attitude towards black

  • Women stereotypes make them seem as less of a threat than men

  • Women owning guns reinforce female vulnerability

  • Support for firearm ownership increases for women

  • White women more likely to be a target of sexism than black women

  • Concluded that gun policy is still deeply racial

  • White respondents much less likely to support Black gun owners

  • “Dynamic of race and gender”

  • Policy attitudes influenced by who will be most affected

    • Support varies due to race and gender

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Audience: individuals interested in seeing whether race or gender will have an influence on gun policies

Purpose: to inform about how racialized and gendered policies will impact gun control laws

Premise: white Americans are not likely to support black gun owners

Key Quote: “race and gender primes still figure prominently into gun control attitudes” (Hayes, Fortunato, Hibbing 2021)

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Con #5: "Racial and ethnic differences in the effects of state firearm laws: a systematic review subgroup analysis"

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  • Firearm policies have continuously tried to deny Black americans firearm access

  • “Racial and ethnic disparities in violent victimization and premature mortality”

  • Conducted research studies to examine how Black americans would be affected by gun laws

  • Black americans are more likely to face firearm violence

    • Could be more protected with gun laws

  • Laws could be structured to protect white americans

    • Less benefits for black americans

  • “For decades, the USA has underinvested in firearm violence and firearm policy research”

 

Audience: People wondering if firearm policies will affect minority groups

Purpose: To find the relationship between 8 determined outcomes and firearm policies

Premise: to determine whether firearm policies benefit or harm racial and ethnic groups

Key Quote: “For decades, the USA has underinvested in firearm violence and firearm policy research” (Smart 2023)

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Con #6: "Disparities in Policing From Theory to Practice"

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  • Police using force on POC

  • Lack of trust between communities and law enforcement

  • Major-minority communities

    • Higher levels of crime lead to more police encounters

    • Increases amount of fatal outcomes

    • Lower income communities more likely to experience social control

    • “Black people and Hispanic people, are more likely to be subjected to more intense law enforcement practices than white people”

  • Conflict theory of law

    • Policing enforces social control

    • Only benefits those in power

    • Higher populations of POC are more likely to have larger police force due to fear by whites

  • Minority threat hypothesis-group threat theory

    • Minority groups see more intense and aggressive policing because they are seen as being threatening

    • “These groups are seen as threatening the established order and power structure”

  • police more likely to use force in areas that are economically disadvantaged

  • black people in suburbs were 4.5x more likely to be arrested than white people

  • injuries caused by sheriffs departments show to be more lethal than local police departments

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Audience: people interested about police violence against minority groups

Purpose: to conduct research about the relationship between minority groups and law enforcement

Premise: there is a long history of racism and discrimination which has negatively affected minority groups--most especially Black and Hispanic people.

Key Quote: "Multiple studies have consistently shown that racial/ethnic minorities...are more likely to be subjected to more intense law enforcement practices than White people" (Zarre 2024).

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Con #7: "Ten Years After Oak Creek: Federal Policy Recommendations to Protect Communities Targeted by Hate"

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  • attack on Sikh temple in Wisconsin

  • hate against AAPI community in 2022

  • mass shootings in Atlanta and Indianapolis

  • anti-Sikh sentiment after 9/11

  • covid-19 hate crimes act

    • lack of action by federal lawmakers​

  • communities have done their part --> lawmakers need to do their part

  • pushes for US government to take action against violence against minority communities

    • re-introducing domestic terrorism prevention act​

    • "current U.S. law prohibits the Department of Justice (DOJ) from prosecuting hate crimes where bias is not the sole reason for a perpetrator's actions" (Narang 2023)

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Audience: Lawmakers and politicians in government

Purpose: to push for more preventative measures in regard to the justice system on violence against minority groups

Premise: government needs to make reforms to prevent the amount of mass killings in the US

Key Quote: "Only that change of mindset will determine if the safety of religious minorities, communitites of color, and women will be prioritized, and whether our communities will be spared from having to bear further painful commemorations" (Narang 2023)

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Con #8: "Framing the Second Amendment: Gun Rights, Civil Rights and Civil Liberties"

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  • "historical relationship between race and arms"

  • gun rights connected to equality and racial equality

  • "Black Guns Matter"

  • anti-tyranny values

  • constitutional culture

  • discovering the meaning behind the 2nd amendment and how different types of Americans interpret the 2nd amendment

  • framing of 2nd amendment has greatly affected gun debates

  • fear of governmental disarmament

  • NRA believes that the 2nd amendment saves Americans from 'oblivion'

  • the NRA has polarized gun control and gun rights

  • NRA believe that any form of gun control threatens the 2nd amendment

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Audience: Americans concerned about the 2nd amendment and gun policies

Purpose: to discover how gun rights activists are interpreting the 2nd amendment

Premise: how the framing of the 2nd amendment influences future policies and future debates of gun control

Key Quote: "Although most gun owners accept some limits on the right to keep and bear arms, fringe groups, milities, and other uncompromising advocated have dominated the civil liberties framing of the Second Amendment"

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Con #9: "Racially Disparate Policy Responses to Mass Shootings"

  • gun policies left to the states

  • episodic changes

  • victim identities heavily influencing efforts and policy responses

  • NRA pushes racialized narratives

    • narratives that policies are protecting racial groups and threatening white Americans

    • forcing politicians to not intervene in gun control​

  • when white communities are affected then gun control is used to protect them

  • gun policy diverges from public opinion

  • legislatures influenced by implicit biases

    • more likely to support gun restrictions when victims are white​

  • firearm policies are responsive to mass shootings when the victims involved are white

  • 10 white fatalities--> 1-1.1 more gun laws

  • 10 racial/ethnic fatalities --> .6 fewer gun laws

  • gun control interest groups increase lobbying when there are white fatalities

  • "mass shooting fatalities of color do not significantly influence interest groups' lobbying efforts" (Markarian 2022)

  • involvement of race in gun policy

  • disarmament of people of color whilst still keeping guns for whites

  • politicians change "who is seen as the primary beneficiaries of a policy"

  • white Americans support gun restriction when they see whites as gun violence victims

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Audience: individuals concerned about how gun restrictions will affect different ethnic groups of people in America

Purpose: to inform about the racialized narratives that revolve around gun control and gun rights

Premise: white Americans are more likely to implement restrictive gun laws when white victims are involved

Key Quote: "White Americans are framed as the primary beneficiaries of gun control, leading to increased support for restrictive gun laws among co-ethnics" (Markarian 2022)

Trump Nationalism

"Representations of Latinos in a Democratic Party Campaign in the United States: Identity Ownership, Narratives, and Values"

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Analytic Notes:

  • Trump's argument for cultural values and policies in his 2016 election

  • "turning back the clock" so there won't be any more globalization and multiculturalism

    • stating that undocumented immigrants threatened Americans​

  • Trump wanting immigration bans on Muslims and Mexicans

  • what makes someone an American citizen

  • racialization in electoral campaigns

  • Latino mobilization and turnout 

  • Latino threat narrative

  • cultural discourse that celebrated the "purity" of the U.S.

  • barriers inside the country "to protect American cultural heritage"

  • Clinton's praise of the cultural benefits and cognitive skills of foreign speakers

  • Trump stated that the American Dream is already dead

  • working hard as a vital part of Clinton's message

  • Clinton's failure to demonstrate deep understandings of diversity and multiculturalism

  • "current campaigns create political communication strategies to reach specific chunks of the populations"

  • campaigns only target minority groups because of things such as their religion and ethnic background

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Pre-Writing Steps:

Audience: Latinos who are concerned about their representation and rights following Trump's presidential campaign

Purpose: to inform of the complex relationship between political campaigns and the use of minorities

Premise: Political campaigns only address minority groups when it benefits them

Key Quote: "current campaigns create political communication strategies to reach specific chunks of the populations" (Larrosa-Fuentes)

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" Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in western Europe and the United States"​

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Analytic Notes:

  • "the states right to grant asylum, as opposed to supporting the individual's right to receive asylum"

  • "increasing domestic divisions" in US' state and federal jurisdiction

  • Americans believe only citizens deserve welfare, healthcare, and public education

    • nationalistic sentiment​

    • belief that citizenship should be more than the right to vote

  • perceived devaluation of citizenship in the US

  • states grant more rights to maintain peace

    • restrictions on immigration​

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Pre-Writing Steps:

Audience: citizens of Europe and the US

Purpose: to inform about the relationship between citizens and immigration

Premise: international migration doesn't threaten the nation-state

Key Quote: "the institution of citizenship might see growing challenges because of increasing domestic divisions between federal and state jurisdictions"

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"Ethno-nationalism and Right-Wing Extremist Violence in the United States, 2000 through 2018"

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Analytic Notes:

  • perceived loss of status

  • ethno-nationalism

  • roots of contemporary right-wing violence

    • siege on congress on January 6, 2021​

    • March for the Right rally in Charlottesville in 2017

  • perception of increasing threat with ethnic diversity

  • right-wing movements motivate politicians to "play the race/ethnic card"

  • growth of right-winf extremists

  • views of elected representatives endorse and justify actions

  • association of ethno-nationalism and gun culture

  • "local-level" economic distress may play a role in wealthier states"

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Pre-Writing Steps:

Audience: people wondering more about where the increased right-wing violence stems from 

Purpose: to determine if there is a correlation between right-wing violence and ethno-nationalism

Premise: ethnic diversity has a correlation with increased right-wing violence

Key Quote: "there is a broad cultural and ideological movement associated with ethno-nationalism that is in part driven by an ideology that views ethnic diversity as a threat"

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"Punishing the "Others": Citizenship and State Social Control in the United States and Germany" 

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Analytic Notes:

  • debate of "legal significance of citizenship"

  • national membership weakens national sovereignty

  • increase in "the power to punish"

    • more foreigners in state control​

    • increase of incarcerated foreigners in the US

    • bias in judges regarding immigrants

    • "all immigrant behavior...has repercussions on the phenomenon of immigration itself, and leads to greater disapproval, greater disqualification, and greater stigmatization"

  • direct link between citizenship and punishment

  • eventual deportation and negative attributes

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Pre-Writing Steps:

Audience: individuals interested in how the law impacts immgirants

Purpose: to determine if there's a correlation between non-citizens and harsher punishments

Premise: there's a direct link between citizenship and punishment

Key Quote: "state institutions and judicial actors will be more punitive against the criminality of non-state members"

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"American evangelical nationalism: history status quo, and outlook"

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Analytic Notes:

  • evangelical nationalism as new form of American nationalism

  • 3 stages of nationalism

    • Christian nationalism​

    • ethnic nationalism

    • civic nationalism

  • "liberized" politics has "incited strong discontent among religious conservatives"

  • minorities receiving "retroactive recognition"

  • Trump's appeal to blue-collar workers, farmers, and cultural conservatives

  • Trump pursued evangelical nationalism

    • backed by religious conservatives and nationalized republicans​

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Pre-Writing Steps:

Audience: Americans who are unsatisfied with government policies

Purpose: to determine the impact of evangelical nationalism on government/policies

Premise: evangelical nationalism influences domestic and foreign policy

Key Quote: "the emergence of evangelical nationalism is a preview of the American crisis of modernity"

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"Religious Nationalism and Home Bias"

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Analytic Notes:

  • "impact of religious nationalism of domestic portfolio investment"

  • cultural uniformity and preserving tradition

  • religious nationalism intertwined with globalism

  • religion and culture form a national identity

  • trump highlighting Christian sentiment

    • stating the US was losing Christianity​

  • fusion of nationalism and religion worldwide

  • effect of religion and home bias

  • strong want for domestic asset in religious nationalism

  • territorial identity

  • religious nationalist attitudes on minority religions

  • financial decisions influence by religion and nationalism

  • churches and religious groups allowed to impact public policy with religious nationalism

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Pre-Writing Steps:

Audience: people worried/concerned about how nationalism affects the market

Purpose: to determine if financial decisions had a correlation with religious nationalism

Premise: there is a strong correlation between religious nationalism, home bias, and cultural homogeneity

Key Quote: "nationalism extends beyond being just an ideology"

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